Emerging energy economies face the twin imperative of expanding affordable energy access while rapidly lowering industrial emissions. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for sustainable chemical engineering practices tailored to such contexts, integrating systems thinking, circularity, and just-transition principles across design, operation, and end-of-life. The framework couples techno-economic analysis with life-cycle assessment, cumulative exergy demand, and risk-informed decision making to prioritize options that deliver climate, economic, and social co-benefits. At its core is a three-layer architecture. The process layer emphasizes electrification of unit operations, heat integration via pinch analysis, solvent and catalyst selection using green chemistry metrics, and modular, intensified equipment that reduces footprints and enables distributed manufacturing. The resource layer optimizes renewable feedstocks and utilities through water-energy-food nexus accounting, valorizes by-products through industrial symbiosis, and embeds circular logistics for materials recovery and reuse. The governance layer aligns incentives with performance-based regulation, sustainability-linked finance, and local content strategies that avoid technological lock-in. Digital enablers hybrid first-principles and data-driven models, soft sensors, and AI-assisted control support real-time optimization under grid variability and supply uncertainty. Equity is embedded by measuring distributional effects on workers and communities, co-designing with SMEs, and ensuring fair access to benefits and burdens. Implementation follows a stage-gate roadmap: opportunity framing; multi-criteria screening; detailed design with uncertainty quantification; pilot and scale-up with learning curves; and continuous improvement using audited KPIs. Transferable archetypes demonstrate applicability: renewable-hydrogen synthesis of ammonia and methanol with carbon utilization; biomethane upgrading and local combined heat and power; low-temperature heat valorization with heat pumps; alkaline waste mineralization for permanent carbon storage; and brine management that recovers critical minerals. Each archetype is stress-tested against supply-chain fragility, policy shifts, and climate hazards using scenarios and probabilistic risk assessment. Outcome metrics include global warming potential, water intensity, circularity index, levelized cost, exergy efficiency, and just-transition indicators. By uniting rigorous engineering with contextual policy and finance levers, the framework enables emerging energy economies to leapfrog to cleaner industrialization, de-risk private investment, and meet SDG-aligned development goals. It provides a practical blueprint for aligning infrastructure pipelines with net-zero trajectories while enhancing resilience, resource productivity, and social acceptance. Implementation guidance and practical tools provided.