GIS-Based Flood Susceptibility Mapping Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process and Weighted Linear Combination in Warri North Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria
Abstract
Flooding is one of the most recurrent environmental hazards affecting the Niger Delta, where low-lying terrain, dense river networks, tidal influence, and intense rainfall contribute to widespread inundation and increasing vulnerability of coastal communities. This study assessed flood susceptibility in Warri North Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria, using a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework integrating the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Weighted Linear Combination (WLC). Seven flood conditioning factors, namely elevation, slope, rainfall, soil, distance to river, distance to coastline, and land use/land cover (LULC), were selected based on their influence on flood occurrence. The factors were standardized to a common suitability scale, while their relative importance was determined using the Analytical Hierarchy Process. Pairwise comparisons produced a Consistency Ratio (CR) of 0.052, indicating acceptable consistency in the assigned criterion weights. The weighted factors were integrated using the WLC technique to generate the Flood Susceptibility Index (FSI), which was subsequently classified into five flood susceptibility categories: Very Low, Low, Moderate, High, and Very High. The results revealed that the Very High flood susceptibility class occupies 681.93 km² (37.29%) of the study area, while the High susceptibility class covers only 4.00 km² (0.22%). The Moderate, Low, and Very Low susceptibility classes account for 390.87 km² (21.38%), 389.55 km² (21.30%), and 362.18 km² (19.81%), respectively. Collectively, the High and Very High susceptibility classes occupy 685.93 km² (37.51%), indicating that more than one-third of the Local Government Area is highly susceptible to flooding. Settlement overlay analysis identified 41 settlements within the Very High susceptibility class, 61 settlements within the Moderate class, 42 settlements within the Very Low class, 9 settlements within the Low class, and no settlement within the High susceptibility class. The observed spatial pattern demonstrates that flood susceptibility in Warri North is primarily controlled by the interaction of low elevation, gentle slopes, proximity to river channels, coastal influence, high rainfall, poorly drained soils, and land use characteristics. The resulting flood susceptibility map provides a reliable spatial decision-support tool for flood risk reduction, sustainable land use planning, infrastructure development, disaster preparedness, and climate adaptation within Warri North Local Government Area and other coastal environments of the Niger Delta.
How to Cite This Article
Anyadiegwu P C (2026). GIS-Based Flood Susceptibility Mapping Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process and Weighted Linear Combination in Warri North Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria . International Journal of Future Engineering Innovations (IJFEI), 3(4), 01-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54660/IJFEI.2026.3.4.01-10