International Journal of Future Engineering Innovations  |  ISSN: 3049-1215  |  Double-Blind Peer Review  |  Open Access  |  CC BY 4.0

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     2026:3/5

International Journal of Future Engineering Innovations

ISSN: (Print) | 3049-1215 (Online) | Impact Factor: 8.25 | Open Access

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Urban Expansion in Awka and its Environs, Nigeria Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery and Google Earth Engine (2021 to 2026)

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Abstract

Rapid urbanization in secondary administrative and educational hubs across sub-Saharan Africa presents significant challenges for regional planning, infrastructure development, and sustainable resource allocation. This study evaluates the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban expansion in Awka and its environs Anambra State, Nigeria, between 2021 and 2026 using cloud-based remote sensing infrastructure. By leveraging Google Earth Engine (GEE) and multi-temporal Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance imagery, the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) was computed across dry-season composites to isolate concrete and structural surfaces from surrounding vegetation and bare soil. The findings reveal an intensive peri-urban transformation of the landscape: the built-up area surged from a baseline of 239.87 hectares in 2021 to 2,752.91 hectares by 2026. This represents a net urban expansion of 2,513.04 hectares, translating to an extraordinary percentage growth rate of 1,047.67% over the five-year period, supported by a model validation accuracy of 98.50% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.98. Spatial clustering of new development was predominantly observed along the Okpuno, Ifite and Awka-Enugu expressway corridors, driven largely by educational expansion and demographic influx. The results demonstrate the efficacy of cloud-native geospatial computing for monitoring rapid urban sprawl, providing essential empirical metrics to guide master plan enforcement, real estate investment modeling, and municipal infrastructural planning.

How to Cite This Article

Adeboboye AJ Olisa AM, Anadebe CE, Okpugwo E, Odo KO, Ekwealor S (2026). Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Urban Expansion in Awka and its Environs, Nigeria Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery and Google Earth Engine (2021 to 2026) . International Journal of Future Engineering Innovations (IJFEI), 3(5), 62-68.

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